Other Resources听
Singer and Vogus 鈥� Interventions That Build Safety Culture (2013)听
Piecemeal initiatives to improve a patient safety culture are inadequate; improving a patient safety culture requires sequential, iterative and simultaneous interventions that:听
- Enable: e.g., "transformational" leadership; critical role of senior leaders; leadership characteristics; human resources; information technology (IT); external regulators听
- Enact: e.g., teamwork; communication; mindfulness; patient involvement; reporting; coordination between areas /at transitions听
- Elaborate: e.g., learning (e.g., reports, complaints, morbidity and mortality rounds); education; monitoring (prospective, retrospective, concurrent); operational improvements (industrial techniques, infrastructure).听
Baker 鈥� Beyond the Quick Fix (2015)听
Recommendations: Patient safety /quality improvement strategy; board monitoring of performance; measurement (organizational and microsystem levels); event reporting and analysis (focus on gaps and feasible recommendations); investments in work climate; patients and care givers included in patient safety and quality improvement; investments in patient safety /quality improvement infrastructure; leadership development; collaboration across organizations; pan-Canadian information systems.听
Canadian Patient Safety Institute 鈥� Patient Safety Culture听
Dimensions: informed; reporting; learning; just; flexible.听
Contributors: leadership; patient/family engagement; teamwork and communication; openness to reporting; learning; resources; priority of safety versus production; education and training.听
British Columbia 鈥� Culture Change Toolbox: Components of Patient Safety Culture (2013)听
Teamwork and communication; safety climate; psychological safety; organizational fairness; just culture; stress recognition; working conditions; leadership; learning and improvement; patients as partners; transparency.听
American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) / Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) / National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) 鈥� Leadership Blueprint for Culture of Safety (2017)听
Six leadership domains: vision; trust, respect and inclusion; board engagement; leadership development; just culture; behaviour expectations.听
IHI Whitepaper 鈥� Patient Safety (2006)听
Patient safety strategy/aims; senior leader communication and awareness building (e.g., walk-rounds); engage stakeholders (board, leaders, physicians, staff, patients/families) in patient safety; implement "just" culture; focus on process redesign/improved reliability (e.g., evidence-based standardization, human factors); leader/ manager/staff accountability听 (e.g., for safety reporting, reliable processes/"daily work") and aligned incentives for patient safety; patient safety infrastructure (staff and committees); assess patient safety听 culture; measure/track patient safety (e.g. mortality, trigger tool); support patients/families impacted by errors.听
IHI Whitepaper 鈥� 7 Leadership Leverage Points (2008)听
System-level aims; executable strategy; leadership attention; patients /families; Chief Financial Officer (CFO) as quality champion; engage physicians; improvement capability.听
IHI Whitepaper 鈥� High-Impact Leadership (2013)听
Person-centredness (e.g., patient involvement/stories); front-line engagement (e.g., regular presence at frontlines, visible champion, lead projects); relentless focus (e.g., talk about vision every day, align schedule with high-priority initiatives; designate resources); transparency; build will to improve (e.g., communicate and model desired behaviours, openness, swift action against undesired behaviour); boundary-lessness (e.g., systems thinking, harvest ideas from and partner with other organizations).听
IHI Whitepaper 鈥� Sustaining Improvement (2016)听
Quality control, improvement, culture; standardization; accountability (standard work); visual management; problem solving; escalation; integration; prioritization; daily work; policy; transparency; trust.听
IHI Whitepaper 鈥� Safe, Reliable and Effective Care (2017)听
Leadership; psychological safety; accountability (act in safe and respectful manner); teamwork and communication; negotiation; continuous learning; improvement and measurement; reliability; transparency.听
Key Concepts听
- Safety science 鈥� focusses on contributing factors and underlying causes of risk and harm, including errors and human factors. It includes many disciplines not typically considered part of healthcare. Recognizes the fundamental importance of system design in driving workforce behaviour. In other industries, such as aviation, safety experts accept that human error must be expected, anticipated, and its effects mitigated. Safety science and human factors engineering is used to design systems to prevent errors, and to mitigate harm when errors occur. (Berwick et al., 2015).听
- Implementation science 鈥� supplements patient safety science; focusses on identifying and implementing valuable practices and lessons learned, and scaling up/translation across the organization and system. (Berwick et al., 2015).听
- Just culture 鈥� a culture that recognizes that individual practitioners should not be held accountable for system failings over which they have no control. A just culture recognizes many individual or "active" errors represent predictable interactions between humans and the systems in which they work. A just culture also does not tolerate conscious disregard of clear risks to patients or gross misconduct. (Berwick et al., 2015).听
- Psychological safety 鈥� an environment where: anyone can ask questions without looking stupid; anyone can ask for feedback without looking incompetent; anyone can be respectfully critical without appearing negative; anyone can suggest innovative ideas without being perceived as disruptive. (Frankel, 2017).听
- Staff safety/health 鈥� A precursor to providing high quality care are staff that are free from physical harm during daily work. (Perlo, 2017)听
- Patient and family engagement 鈥� recognized as a primary area of focus in patient safety and quality; includes engagement at three levels: direct care (diagnosis, treatment decisions, monitoring), organizational design and governance (planning, patient advisory councils, quality improvement projects), policy making (public health, research priorities, resource allocation). (Carman, 2013).听
- Disruptive behaviour 鈥� any behaviour that shows disrespect for others or any interpersonal interactions that impede the delivery of patient care; this behaviour poses a threat to patient safety. (AHRQ PS Net, 2017).听
- High reliability/resilience 鈥� reliable/mindful organizations are:听 preoccupied with failure (look for small signals of failure vs. preoccupation with success); reluctant to simplify interpretations (acknowledge complexity); sensitive to operations (aware of what is happening at frontlines); committed to resilience (acting quickly when things go wrong, e.g., patient deterioration); and defer to experts (vs. authority). (Weick & Sutcliffe, 2015).听
- Patient safety measurement 鈥� five dimensions: past harm (incidents, mortality); reliability (compliance); sensitivity to operations (walk-rounds, staffing levels, escalation); anticipation and preparedness (risk registers, safety culture scores, absenteeism); integration and learning (automated alerts, board dashboards). (Vincent, 2016).听
- Frontline leadership/distributed leadership 鈥� recognized as a key driver for change in healthcare; local leaders translate senior leader priorities/values into action at the microsystem level; they have great impact on unit cultures and learning processes. (IHI, 2016).听
- Physician leadership 鈥� recognized as a key driver for change in healthcare; six strategies for engaging physicians: discover common purpose; reframe values and beliefs; segment the engagement plan; use engaging improvement methods; show courage; adopt an engaging style. (Reinertsen, 2007).听
- Staff engagement 鈥� A joyful, engaged workforce will have: physical and psychological safety; meaning and purpose; choice and autonomy; recognition and rewards; participative management; camaraderie and teamwork; daily improvement; wellness and resilience; real-time measurement. (Perlo, 2017)听
- Teamwork/communication 鈥� gaps in communication and/or poor teamwork are frequently noted as contributing factors to many patient safety events. Strong teams which train together and have established and reliable communication practices will have superior patient safety performance. (Baker, 2015).听
- Industry-wide standardization/alignment 鈥� A key feature in other high-risk industries is alignment across the sector related to key priorities, national/international standards and regulation of safety-critical practices and technologies. (Dixon-Woods, 2016, Berwick et al., 2015).听
Environmental Scan听
ACHE, NPSF Lucian Leape Institute. (2017). .听
AHRQ PS Net. (2017). .听
Baker R.听 (2015). . Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation at the University of Toronto.听
Baker R, Norton P, et al. (2004). . CMAJ. 170(11):1678-86.听
BC Patient Safety and Quality Council. (2013). .听
Berwick D, Shojania K, et al. (2015). . National Patient Safety Foundation.听
Berwick D, Feely D. (2017). . Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) webinar.听
Botwinick L, Bisognano M, Haraden C. (2006). . IHI White Paper.听
Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Patient Safety Institute (2016). .听
Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI). (Date unknown). Patient safety culture.听
Carman L, Dardess P, Maurer M, et al. (2013).. Health Affairs. 32(2):223-231.听
CPSI, AHQPSC, HQO, PFPSC. (2017). Engaging patients in patient safety: a Canadian guide.听
Dixon-Woods M, Pronovost P. (2016). . BMJ Qual Saf. 25(7):485-488.听
Frankel A, et al. (2017). . IHI White Paper.听
IHI. (Date unknown). ?听
IOM. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.听
The Joint Commission. (2017). . Sentinel event alert.听
Kizer, K. (1999). Large system change and a culture of safety. In: Enhancing patient safety and reducing errors in health care. Chicago, IL: National Patient Safety Foundation.听
Kristensen S, Christensen K, Jaquet A, Beck C, Sabroe S, Bartels P, Mainz, J. (2016). . BMJ Open. 1-10.听
National Patient Safety Foundation. (2017). .听
Perlo J, Balik B, Swensen S, et al. (2017). . IHI White Paper.听
Reinertsen J, Bisognano M, Pugh M. (2008) . IHI White Paper.听
Reinertsen J, Gosfield A, Rupp W, et al. (2007). . IHI White Paper.听
Sammer C, et al. (2010). . J Nur Schol. 42:2;156-165.听
Scoville R, Little K, Rakover J, Luther K, Mate K. (2016). . IHI White Paper.听
Singer S, Vogus T. (2013). . Annu Rev Public Health. 34:373-396.听
Swensen S, et al. (2013). . IHI White Paper.听
Vincent C, et al. (2016). . The Health Foundation Quick Guide.听
Weick, K, Sutcliffe, K. (2015). Managing the unexpected: sustained performance in a complex world. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.听
